Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation
Class
10 Science Chapter 1
Gravitation
Exercise Question 1.
Study the entries in the following table and rewrite them putting the connected
items in a single row :
Answer:
|
I |
II |
III |
|
Mass |
kg |
Measure of
inertia |
|
Weight |
N |
Depends on height |
|
Acceleration due
to gravity |
m/s2 |
Zero at the
centre of the earth |
|
Gravitational
constant |
N.m2/kg2 |
Same in the
entire universe |
Gravitation
Class 10 Maharashtra Board Question 2.
Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the difference between mass and weight of an object? Will the
mass and weight of an object on the earth be the same as their values on Mars?
Why?
Answer:
The mass of an object is the amount of matter present in it. It is same
everywhere in the Universe and is never zero. It is a scalar quantity and its
SI unit is kg. The weight of an object is the force with which the earth (or
any other planet/ moon/star) attracts it. It is directed towards the center of
the earth. The weight of an object is different at different places on the
earth. It is zero at the earth’s center. It is a vector quantity and its SI
unit is the newton (N). The magnitude of weight = mg.
The mass of an object will be the same on the earth and Mars, but the
weight will not be the same because the value of g on Mars is different from
that on the earth.
(b) what are (i) free fall, (ii) acceleration due to gravity (iii)
escape velocity (iv) centripetal force?
Answer:
(i) Free fall:
Whenever an object moves under the influence of the force of gravity alone, it
is said to be falling freely.
(ii) Acceleration due to gravity:
The acceleration produced in a body due to the gravitational force of the earth
is called the acceleration due to gravity.
[Note: On the earth’s surface, the value of the acceleration due to gravity is almost
uniform. If a body falls from a low altitude, the value of the acceleration
due to gravity is almost the same.]
(iii) Escape velocity:
When a body is thrown vertically upward from the surface of the earth, the
minimum initial velocity of the body for which the body is able to overcome the
downward pull by the earth and can escape the earth forever is called the
escape velocity.
(iv) Centripetal force:
In uniform circular motion of a body, the force acting on the body is directed
towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force.
(c) Write the three laws given by Kepler. How did they help
Newton to arrive at the inverse square law of gravity?
Kepler’s first law :
The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci.
Figure 1.5 shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around the Sun (S).
Kepler’s second law :
The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals
of time.
A → B, C → D and E → F are the displacements of the planet in equal intervals
of time.
The straight lines AS, CS and ES sweep equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Area ASB = area CSD = area ESF.
Kepler’s third law :
The square of the period of revolution of a planet around the Sun is directly
proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the Sun.
Thus, if r is the average distance of the planet from the Sun and T is its
period of revolution, then,
T2 ∝
r3, i.e., T2/r3 = constant = K
For simplicity, we shall assume the orbit to be a circle.
In Fig. 1.6,
S denotes the position of the Sun, P denotes the position of a planet at a
given instant and r denotes the radius of the orbit (= the distance of the
planet from the Sun). Here, the speed of the planet is uniform.
If m is the mass of the planet, the centripetal force exerted on the planet by
the Sun (= gravitational force),
According to Kepler’s third law,
Thus, F ∝ 1r2 as 4π2mK is constant
in a particular case.
(d) A stone thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity u reaches a
height ‘h’ before coming down. Show that the time taken to go up is same as the
time taken to come down.
Answer:
We have, v = u + at …..(1)
and s = ut + 12 at2 …..(2)
∴ s = (v – at) t + 12 at2
= vt – at2 + 12 at2
∴ s = Vt – 12 at2 …..(3)
As the stone moves upward from A → B,
s = AB = h, t = t1,
a = -g (retardation),
u = u and v = 0
∴ From Eq. (3), h = 0 – 12 (-g)t12
∴ h = 12gt12 …..(4)
As the stone moves downward from B → A,
t = t2, u = 0, s = h and
a = g
∴ from Eq. (2), h = 12 gt2 …..(5)
From Eqs. (4) and (5), t12 = t22
∴ t1 = t2 (∵ t1 and t2 are positive)
(e) If the value of g suddenly becomes twice its value, it will become
two times more difficult to pull a heavy object along the floor. Why?
Answer:
To pull an object along the floor, it is necessary to do work against the force
of friction between the object and the surface of the floor. This force of
friction is proportional to the weight, mg, of the object. If the value of g
becomes twice its value, the weight of the object and hence the force of
friction will become double. Therefore, it will become two times more difficult
to pull a heavy object along the floor.
10th
Gravitation Chapter Exercise Question 3.
Explain
why the value of g is zero at the centre of the earth.
The value of g changes while going deep inside the earth. It goes on decreasing
as we go from the earth’s surface towards the earth’s centre.
We shall treat the earth as a sphere of uniform density. If we consider
a particle of mass m at point P at a distance (R – d) from the earth’s centre,
where R is the radius of the earth and d is the depth below the earth’s
surface, the gravitational force on the particle due to the earth is
F = GmM′(R−d)2, where ‘M’ is the
mass of the sphere of radius (R – d).
because the outer spherical shell is not effective (Fig. 1.10). In this case,
the acceleration due to gravity is
where M is the mass of the earth. Thus, g decreases as d increases. It is less
than that at the earth’s surface (GMR2) At the earth’s
centre, d = R
∴ g = 0.
[Note : The formulae given in the answer are not given in the textbook.
The formula density = mass volume is used to
find M’.]
Std
10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Question Answer
Question 4.
Let the period of revolution of a planet at a distance R from a star be T.
Prove that if it was at a distance of 2R from the star, its period of
revolution will be 8–√T.
Answer:
T= 2πGM√r3/2, where T = period
of revolution of a planet around the Sun, M = mass of the Sun, G =
gravitational constant and r = radius of the orbit assumed to be circular =
distance of the planet from the Sun.
For r = R, T =T1.
Class
10 Science 1 Chapter 1 Gravitation Question 5.
Solve the following examples.
(a) An object takes 5 s to reach the ground from a height of 5 m on a planet.
What is the value of g on the planet?
Solution:
Data: u = 0 m/s, s = 5m, t = 5s, g = ?
(b) The radius of planet A is half the radius of planet B. If the mass
of A is MA, what must be the
mass of B so that the value of g on B is half that of its value on A?
(Practice Activity Sheet – 4)
Solution:
Data : RA = RB/2, gB = 12 gA, MB = ?
(c) The mass and weight of an object on the earth are 5 kg and 49 N
respectively. What will be their values on the moon? Assume that the
acceleration due to gravity on the moon is l/6th of that on the earth.
Solution:
Data: m = 5 kg, W = 49 N,
gM = gE6,m (on the moon) =
?, W(on the moon) = ?
(i) The mass of the object on the moon = the mass of the object on the earth =
5 kg
(ii) W = mg
(weight of the object on the moon).
(d) An object thrown vertically upwards reaches a height of 500 m. what
was its initial velocity? How long will the object take to come back to the
earth? Assume g = 10 m/s2
Solution:
100 mn/s and 20 s
(e) A ball falls off a table and reaches the ground in 1 s. Assuming g =
10 m/s2, calculate its
speed on reaching the ground and the height of the table.
Solution:
Data: t = 1s, g = 10 m/s2, u = 0 m/s,
s = ?, v = ?
(i) s = ut + 12gt2
= 12gt2 for u = 0 m/s
∴ s = 12 × 10 m/s2 × (1s)2
=5 m
∴ The height of the table = 5 m.
(ii) v = u +at = u + gt
= 0 m/s + 10 m/s2 × 1 s
= 10m/s
∴ The velocity of the ball on reaching the ground = 10 m/s.
(f) The masses of the earth and moon are 6 × 1024 kg and 7.4 ×
1022 kg,
respectively. The distance between them is 3.84 × 105 km. Calculate
the gravitational force of attraction between the two. Use G = 6.7 × 10-11 N.m2 kg-2.
Solution:
Data : m1 = 6 × 1024 kg,
m2 = 7.4 × 1022 kg,
r = 3.84 × 105 km = 3.84 ×
108 m,
G = 6.7 × 10-11 N.m2 kg-2, F = ?
This is (the magnitude of) the gravitational force between the earth and the
moon.
(g) The mass of the earth is 6 × 1024 kg. The distance between the
earth and the Sun is 1.5 × 1011 m. If the gravitational force
between the two is 3.5 × 1022 N, what is the mass of the Sun?
(Use G = 6.7 × 10-11 N.m2 kg-2)
Solution:
Data : m1 = 6 × 1024 kg,
r = 1.5 × 1011 m, F = 3.5 ×
1022 N,
G = 6.7 × 10-11 N.m2kg-2, m2 = ?
= 1.96 × 1030 kg (mass of
the sun)
Gravitation
Class 10 Exercise Answers Project:
Take weights of five of your friends.
Find out what their weights will
be on the moon and the Mars.
Answer:
Help: The weight of a body
(i) On the earth. W1 = mg1
(ii) on the moon, W2 = mg2
(iii) on Mars, W3 = mg3
∴ W2 = W1 × g2g1 and W3 = W1 × g3g1
Now, g1 = 9.81 m/s2, g2 = 1.67 m/s2 and g3 = 3.72 m/s2
If W1 = 500 N,
W2 = 500 × 1.679.81N = 85.12N(approx.)
and W3 = 500 × 3.729.81N = 189.6 N
(approx.)
Can
you recall? (Text Book Page No. 1)
10th
Class Science Part 1 Chapter 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
What are the effects of a force acting on an object? (Note: a body ≡ an object)
Answer:
·
A force can set
a body in motion. For example, if a ball at rest on the floor is pushed, it rolls on the
floor.
·
A force can stop
a moving body. For example, a moving bicycle can be brought to rest by application of
brakes.
·
A force acting on a body can change the speed of the body. For example, when
brakes are applied to a moving bicycle, its speed decreases due to the friction
between the brake shoes and the rim of the tire.
·
A force can change
the direction of motion of the body. For example, in a uniform circular
motion of a body, the direction of motion of the body keeps on changing due to
the applied force.
·
A force can change
the speed as well as the direction of motion of the body. For example, when a ball
bowled by a bowler is hit by a batsman, there occurs a*change in the speed as
well as the direction of motion of the ball.
·
A force can
change the shape and size of the body on which it acts. For example, when a
rubber ball is pressed, it gets deformed and hence no longer remains spherical.
Also, there can be a decrease in its volume.
1
Gravitation Exercise Question 2.
What types of forces are you familiar with?
Answer:
The gravitational force between the earth and the moon, the electromagnetic
force between two charged particles in motion, the nuclear force between a
proton and a neutron in the nucleus of an atom.
Gravitation
10th Class Exercise Question 3.
What do you know about the gravitational force?
Answer:
The gravitational force is a universal force, i.e., it acts between any two
objects in the universe.
Can
you recall? (Text Book Page No. 1)
Science
Part 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
What are Newton’s laws of motion?
Answer:
(1) Newton’s first
law of motion: An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of
uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts
on it.
(2) Newton’s second
law of motion: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied
force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.
(3) Newton’s
third law of motion: Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force
that acts simultaneously.
[Note: Equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.]
Use
your brainpower! (Text Book Page No. 4)
10th
Science Part 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
If area ESF in figure 1.5 is equal to area ASB, what will you infer about EF?
Answer:
The time taken by the planet to move from E to F equals the time taken by the
planet to move from A to B.
Use
your brainpower (Text Book Page No. 7)
Gravitation
Exercise 10th Class Question 1.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, every object attracts every other
object.
Thus, if the earth attracts an apple towards itself, the apple also attracts
the earth towards itself with the same force. Why then does the apple fall
towards the earth, but the earth does not move towards the apple?
Answer:
The earth and the apple move towards each other, but the magnitude of the
displacement of the earth is negligible relative to that of the apple. Also the
observer is located on the earth.
[Note: The mass of the earth is far greater than that of an apple. Hence, the
magnitude of the acceleration of the earth is negligible relative to that of
the apple.]
Gravitation
Class 10 Question And Answer Question 2.
The gravitational force due to the earth also acts on the moon because of which
it revolves around the earth. Similar situation exists for the artificial
satellites orbiting the earth. The moon and the artificial satellites orbit the
earth. The earth attracts them towards itself but unlike the falling apple,
they do not fall on the earth, why?
Answer:
This is because of the velocity of the moon and the satellites along their
orbits. If this velocity was not there, they would have fallen on the earth.
Think
about it (Text Book Page No. 8)
Std
10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
What would happen if there were no gravity?
Answer:
There would be no gravitational attraction between any two particles and hence
no formation of the solar system, galaxy, etc.
Science
1 Gravitation Question 2.
What would happen if the value of G was twice as large?
Answer:
The gravitational force between any two particles would become double, also the
value of g would become double.
Can
you tell? (Text Book Page No. 8)
Gravitation
Class 10 Exercise Question 1.
What would be the value of g on the surface of the earth if its mass was twice
as large and its radius half of what it is now? (March 2019)
Answer:
∴ g2 = 8g1
Thus, the value of g on the surface of the earth would be eight times the
present value.
Think
about it (Text Book Page No. 9)
Std
10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Answers Question 1.
Will the direction of the gravitational force change as we go inside the earth?
Answer:
No.
Gravitation
Class 11 Exercise Solutions State Board Question 2.
What will be the value of g at the centre of the earth?
Answer:
Zero.
Use
your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 10)
10th
Ssc Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Question 1.
Will your weight remain constant as you go above the surface of the earth?
Answer:
No. As we go above the surface of the earth, our weight will go on decreasing.
Class
10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Question 2.
Suppose you are standing on a tall ladder. If your distance from the centre of
the earth is 2R, what will be your weight?
Answer:
= 14(GMmR2)
Use
your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 12)
Gravitation
Class 11 Maharashtra Board Question 1.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the earth’s gravitational force is
higher on an object of larger mass. Why doesn’t that object fall down with
higher velocity as compared to an object with lower mass?
Answer:
F = ma and F = GMmr2
∴ Acceleration, a = GMr2. This is
independent of the mass (m) of the object. Hence, an object of larger mass and
an object of lower mass fall down with the same velocity.
Use
your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 6)
Question 1.
Assuming the acceleration in Example 2 above remains constant, how long will
Mahendra take to move 1 cm towards Virat?
Answer:
Here, u = 0
= 1935 s = 32 minutes 15 seconds.
Fill
in the blanks with appropriate words and write the completed sentences :
Question 1.
The ratio g(earth)/g(moon) is equal to……..
Answer:
The ratio g(earth)/g(moon) is equal to 6 (approximately)
Question 2.
The value of the acceleration due to gravity……..as we move from the equator to
a pole.
Answer:
The value of the acceleration due to gravity increases as we
move from the equator to a pole.
Question 3.
If the earth shrinks to half of its radius, its mass remaining the same, the
weight of an object on the earth will become……..times.
Answer:
If the earth shrinks to half of its radius, its mass remaining the same, the
weight of an object on the earth will become four times.
Question 4.
The SI unit of weight is the……..
Answer:
The SI unit of weight is the newton.
Question 5.
The CGS unit of weight is the……..
Answer:
The CGS unit of weight is the dyne
Question 6.
The weight of a body is ……..at the poles.
Answer:
The weight of a body is maximum at the
poles.
Question 7.
Outside the earth, the weight of a body varies as……..
Answer:
Outside the earth, the weight of a body varies as 1/(R + h)2
Question 8.
Due to the …….. force, the earth attracts all objects towards it.
Answer:
Due to the gravitational force, the earth
attracts all objects towards it. Gravitational
Question 9.
The acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the …….. of the body.
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the mass of the body. Mass
Question 10.
According to Kepler’s first law, the orbit of a planet is …….. with the Sun at
one of the……..
Answer:
According to Kepler’s first law, the orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci
Question 11.
According to Kepler’s second law, the line joining the planet and the Sun ……..
in equal intervals of time.
Answer:
According to Kepler’s second law, the line joining the planet and the Sun Sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Question 12.
According to Kepler’s third law T2 ∝ rn, where n = ……..
Answer:
According to Kepler’s third law T2 ∝ rn, where n = 3
Question 13.
For a freely falling object, we can write Newton’s second equation of motion as
……..
Answer:
For a freely falling object, we can write Newton’s second equation of motion as
S = 12gt2
Question 1.
(A) Write the proper answer in the square. (Practice Activity Sheet – 1)
If this F = x
Then F =
Answer:
F = x4
(B) Write the proper answer in the square. (March 2019)
If F = Gm1m2d2,
then F =
Answer:
F = Gm1m29d2
Choose
the correct alternative and rewrite the statements:
Question 1.
The gravitational force between two particles separated by a distance r varies
as ……..
(a) 1r
(b) r
(c) r2
(d) 1r2
Answer:
(d) 1r2
Question 2.
In the usual notation, the acceleration due to gravity at a height h from the
surface of the earth is ……..
Answer:
(c) g = GM(R+h)2
Question 3.
The SI unit of the universal constant of gravitation is ……..
(a) N.m2/kg2
(b) N.kg2/m2
(c) m/s2
(d) kg.m/s2
Answer:
(a) N.m2/kg2
Question 4.
The escape velocity of a body from the earth’s surface, vsec = …….
Answer:
(c) 2GMR−−−−√
Question 5.
How much will a person with 72 N weight on the earth, weigh on the moon?
(Practice Activity Sheet-1)
(a) 12 N
(b) 36 N
(c) 21 N
(d) 63 N
Answer:
(a) 12 N
Question 6.
What will be the weight of a person on the earth, who weighs 9N on the moon?
(Practice Activity Sheet – 2)
(a) 3 N
(b) 15 N
(c) 45 N
(d) 54 N
Answer:
(d) 54 N
State
whether the following statements are True or False : (If a statement is
false, correct it and rewrite it.)
Question 1.
If the separation between two particles is doubled, the gravitational force
between the particles becomes half the initial force.
Answer:
False. (If the separation between two particles is doubled, the gravitational
force between the particles becomes 14 times the
initial force.)
Question 2.
The CGS unit of the universal constant or gravitation is the dyne cm2/gram2?
Answer:
True.
Question 3.
At the centre of the earth, the value of the acceleration due to gravity
becomes zero.
Answer:
True.
Question 4.
The weight of a body is minimum at the poles.
Answer:
False. (The weight of a body is maximum at the poles.)
Question 5.
Mass is a vector quantity.
Answer:
False. (Mass is a scalar quantity.)
Question 6.
weight is a vector quantity.
Answer:
True.
Question 7.
g has maximum value at the equator.
Answer:
False. (g has maximum value at the poles.)
Question 8.
Outside the earth, g varies as 1/(R + h)2.
Answer:
True.
Question 9.
The value of G changes from place to place.
Answer:
False. (The value of G is the same throughout the universe.)
Question 10.
The value of g increases with altitude.
Answer:
False. (The value of g decreases with altitude.)
Question 11.
The escape velocity of a body does not depend on the mass of the body.
Answer:
True
Question 12.
The mass of a body is the amount of matter present in it.
Answer:
True
Match
the following :
Answer:
(1) Escape velocity : 2GMR−−−−√
(2) Gravitational acceleration : GMr2 (r ≥ R)
(3) Gravitational potential energy : −GMm/R+h
(4) Gravitational force : Gm1m2r2
Answer
the following questions in one sentence each:
Question 1.
State the SI and CGS units of G.
Answer:
The SI unit of G is N.m2/kg2 and CGS unit
is the dyne.cm2/g2.
Question 2.
State any one characteristic of gravitational force.
Answer:
Gravitational force between two particles does not depend on the nature of the
medium between them.
Question 3.
Name the force that keeps a satellite in the orbit around the earth.
Answer:
The gravitational force due to the earth keeps a satellite in the orbit around
the earth.
Question 4.
Name the force due to which the earth revolves around the Sun.
Answer:
The earth revolves around the Sun due to the gravitational force of attraction
exerted on it by the Sun.
Question 5.
What is the acceleration due to gravity at a height h ( = radius of the earth)
from the surface of the earth? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity at a height h ( = radius of the earth) from the
surface of the earth is 2.45 m/s2.
Question 6.
What is the relation between the SI unit of weight and the CGS unit of weight?
Answer:
The relation between the SI unit of weight (the newton) and the CGS unit of
weight (the dyne) is 1 newton = 105 dynes.
Question 7.
Write the formula for the centripetal force acting on a body performing
circular motion.
Answer:
F = mv2r
Question 8.
Write the formula for the escape velocity of a body from the earth’s surface.
Answer:
Question 9.
What is the value of the acceleration due to gravity at the centre of the
earth?
Answer:
Zero.
Question 10.
What are the factors on which the maximum height attained by a body thrown
upwards depends?
Answer:
The initial velocity of the body, the acceleration due to gravity at that
place, the buoyant force and frictional force due to air.
Some
of the important terms in chapter Gravitation are given in the following box.
Find them :
Answer:
(1) centripetal force
(2) escape velocity
(3) periodic time
(4) gravitational constant.
Answer
the following questions:
Question 1.
What is centripetal force?
(OR)
Define centripetal force.
Answer:
In uniform circular motion of a body, the force acting on the body is directed
towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force.
Question 2.
Give one example of centripetal force.
Answer:
The moon revolves around the earth due to the gravitational force exerted on it
by the earth. This force is directed towards the centre of the earth and is
thus a centripetal force.
Question 3.
Name the source responsible for the motion of a planet around the Sun.
Answer:
A planet revolves around the Sun due to the gravitational force exerted on it
by the Sun.
Answer
the following questions:
Question 1.
In the following figure, an orbit of a planet around the Sun (S) has been
shown. AB and CD are the distances covered by the planet in equal time. Lines
AS ad CS sweep equal areas in equal intervals of time. Hence, areas ASB and CSD
are equal. (Practice Activity Sheet-1)
(a) Which laws do we understand from the above description?
(b) Write the law regarding the area swept.
(c) Write the law T2 ∝ r3 in your
words.
Answer:
(a) From the given description we understand Kepler’s three laws.
(b) Kepler’s law of areas: The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal
areas in equal intervals of time.
(c) Kepler’s law of periods: The square of the period of revolution of a planet around
the Sun is directly
proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the Sun.
Question 2.
Identify the law shown in Fig. 1.7 and state the three respective laws.
(Practice Activity Sheet – 3)
Answer:
(a) From the given description we understand Kepler’s three laws.
(b) Kepler’s law of areas: The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal
areas in equal intervals of time.
(c) Kepler’s law of periods: The square of the period of revolution or a planet
around the Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the
planet from the Sun.
Question 3.
Explain the term gravitational force. What is gravitation?
Answer:
There exists a force of attraction between any two particles of matter in the
universe such that the force depends only on the masses of the particles and
the separation between them. It is called the gravitational force and the
mutual attraction is called gravitation.
Question 4.
State Newton’s universal law of gravitation. Express it in mathematical form.
Answer:
Newton’s universal law of gravitation :
Every object in the Universe attracts every other object with a definite force.
This force is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two
objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Mathematical form: Consider two objects of masses m1 and m2. We assume that
the objects are very small spheres of uniform density and the distance r
between their centers is very large compared to the radii of the spheres (Fig.
1.8).
The magnitude (F) of the gravitational force of attraction between the objects
is directly proportional to m1m2 and inversely proportional to r2
∴ F ∝ m1m2r2
∴ F = Gm1m2r2
where G is the constant of proportionality, called the universal gravitational
constant.
[Note: In the textbook, the word object/body is used.
Newton’s law of gravitation applies to particles.]
Question 5.
(i) Why is the constant of gravitation called a universal constant?
(ii) Newton’s law of gravitation is called the universal law of gravitation.
Why?
Answer:
(i) The value of the constant of gravitation does not change with the nature,
mass or the size of the material particles. It does not vary with the distance
between the two particles. It is also independent of the nature of the medium
between the two particles. Hence, it is called a universal constant.
(ii) As the law of gravitation given by Newton is applicable throughout
the universe and to all particles, it is called universal law.
[ Note: The centre of mass of an object is the point inside or outside
the object at which the total mass of the object can be assumed to be
concentrated to study the effect of an applied force. The centre of mass of a
spherical object having uniform density is at its geometrical centre. The
centre of mass of an object having uniform density is at its centroid. If the
two bodies are spherical and of uniform density, the gravitational force
between them is always along the line joining the centres of the two bodies and
the distance between the centres is taken to be r. When the bodies are not
spherical or have irregular shape or have nonuniform density, the force is
along the line joining their centres of mass and r is taken to be the distance
between the two centres of mass.]
Question 6.
If the distance between two bodies is increased by a factor of 5, (i) by what
factor will the gravitational force change if the masses are kept constant?
(ii) by what factor will the mass of one of them have to be altered, keeping
the other mass the same, to maintain the same gravitational force between the
two bodies?
Answer:
If the distance between two bodies is increased by a factor of 5,
(i) the gravitational force between the bodies will decrease by a factor of 25
if the masses of the bodies are kept constant.
(ii) the mass of one of them will have to be increased by a factor of 25,
keeping the mass of the other body the same, to maintain the same gravitational
force between the two bodies.
[Note : Gravitational force F ∝ 1r2 and F ∝ m1m2.]
Question 7.
(i) Determine the SI unit of the universal constant of gravitation from the
formula for the gravitational force between two particles. Hence, state the CGS
unit of the constant of gravitation. (ii) Define G (universal gravitational
constant).
Ans. (i) According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the gravitational force
between two particles is
F = Gm1m2r2
where m1 and m2 are the
masses of the two particles, r is the distance between them and G is the
universal constant of gravitation.
∴ G = Fr2m1m2
The SI unit of force is the newton (N), that of distance is the metre
(m) and that of mass is the kilogram (kg).
The SI unit of G is N⋅m2kg2.
The CGS unit of G is dyne ⋅cm2g2.
(ii) F = Gm1m2r2.
∴ G = Fr2m1m2
If we take m1 = m2 = unit mass
and r = unit distance, numerically, G = F, i.e., G (universal gravitational
constant) represents the magnitude of the gravitational force of attraction
between two unit masses, separated by a unit distance.
Question 8.
State the importance of Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
Answer:
The importance of Newton’s universal law of gravitation :
This law explains successfully, i.e., with great accuracy,
·
The force that binds the objects on the earth to the earth
·
The motion of the moon and artificial satellites around the earth
·
The motion of the planets, asteroids, comets, etc., around the Sun
·
The tides of the sea due to the moon and the Sun.
Question 9.
Compare the gravitational force on a body of mass 1 kg due to the earth with
the force on the same body due to another body of mass 1 kg at a distance of 1
m from the first body. (Mass of the earth = 6 × 1024 kg, radius of
the earth = 6400 km)
Answer:
In the first case, m1 = 1kg,
m2 = 6 × 1024 kg and r =
6400 km = 6.4 × 106 m
The gravitational force on the body.
= G×6×1024kg2(6.4)2×1012m2
In second case, m1 = 1 kg
m2 = 1 kg and r
= 1m
Gravitational force on the body,
Question 10.
Explain the term the earth’s gravitational force.
(OR)
Write a short note on the earth’s gravitational force.
Answer:
The earth attracts every object towards it because of the gravitational force.
As the earth’s centre of mass is at its centre, the gravitational force exerted
by the earth on an object is directed towards the earth’s centre. Hence, an
object released from a point above the earth’s surface falls vertically
downward towards the earth.
If an object is thrown vertically upward, its velocity goes on
decreasing due to the earth’s gravitational force on the object. At one stage,
the velocity of the body becomes zero and later the body falls back to the
earth.
Question 11.
Take two balls of different masses, go to the top of a building, drop them
simultaneously and observe what happens to the balls.
Answer:
The balls reach the ground almost at the same time.
Question 12.
Take two similar pages from your notebook. Crumple one paper and allow this and
the other paper to fall on the ground simultaneously. What do you observe?
Answer:
The crumpled paper reaches the ground before the other one.
Question 13.
Take a feather and a paper. Allow them to fall to the ground simultaneously.
Which will reach the ground earlier? Why?
Answer:
There is no unique answer. It depends on the feather and paper. Upthrust due to
air and force due to friction with air play very important roles here. The
acceleration of a body depends on the resultant of the earth’s gravitational
force on the body and the upthrust and the force of friction due to air.
Question 14.
From Newton’s law of gravitation, derive the formula for the acceleration due
to gravity.
Answer:
Suppose that a body of mass m is released from a distance r from the centre (O)
of the earth (Fig. 1.9). Let M be the mass of the earth. According to Newton’s
law of gravitation, the magnitude of the earth’s gravitational force acting on
the body Is
F = GMmr2
where G is the universal constant of gravitation.
The acceleration produced by this force, force F
This is the formula for the acceleration due to gravity or the
gravitational acceleration due to the earth. This acceleration is directed
towards the earth’s centre.
If h denotes the altitude, r = R + h, where R is the radius of the
earth.
∴ g = GM(R+h)2
For a body on the earth’s surface, h = 0 ∴ g = GMR2
[Note: When we consider the gravitational interaction between the earth and a
body on the surface of the earth or at some height above the surface of the
earth, for many practical purposes we can assume that the earth behaves as if
its mass were concentrated at the earth’s centre. The proof is not expected
here.]
Question 15.
Explain the factors affecting the value of g.
Answer:
The value of the acceleration due to gravity, g, changes from place to place on
the earth. It also varies with the altitude and depth below the earth’s
surface. The factors affecting the’ value of g are the shape of the earth,
altitude and depth below the earth’s surface.
(1) The earth is not perfectly spherical. It is somewhat flat at the
poles and bulging at the equator. At the surface of the earth, the value of g
is maximum (9.832 m/s2) at the poles as
the polar radius is minimum, while it is minimum (9.78 m/s2) at the equator as
the equatorial radius is maximum.
(2) As the height (h) above the earth’s surface increases, the value of
g decreases. It varies as 1(R+h)2, where R is radius
of the earth.
(3) In the interior of the earth, on average, the value of g is less
than that at the earth’s surface. As the depth below the earth’s surface
increases, the value of g decreases and finally it becomes zero at the centre
of the earth.
Question 16.
If g = GM/r2, then where will
the value^ of g be high, at Goa Beach or on the top of the Mount Everest?
(Practice Activity Sheet – 3)
Answer:
The value of g will be high at Goa Beach.
Question 17.
Why does an object released from the hand, fall on the earth?
Answer:
When an object is held in the hand, the gravitational force acting on the
object due to the earth is balanced by the person holding the object. When the
object is released from the hand, it falls on the earth due to the earth’s gravitational
force.
Question 18.
Does the value of g depend on the mass of the falling body? Why?
Answer:
The value of g does not depend on the mass of the falling body.
The reason is the gravitational force on a body due to the earth is directly
proportional to the mass of the body and for a given force, the acceleration of
a body is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
Question 19.
Define mass. State its SI and CGS units.
Answer:
The mass of a body is the amount of matter present in it. Its SI unit is the
kilogram (kg) and CGS unit is the gram (g).
[Note: Mass has only magnitude, not direction. Thus, it is a scalar quantity.]
Question 20.
Define weight. State its SI and CGS units.
Answer:
The weight of a body is defined as the force with which the earth attracts it.
Its SI unit is the newton and CGS unit is the dyne.
[Note : In the usual notation, the magnitude of the weight of a body on
the earth s surface is W = GmMR2 = mGMR2 = mg. Thus, W
∝ g. Hence, weight varies just like
the acceleration due to gravity. It is maximum at the poles and minimum at the
equator. It decreases with altitude (ft) and depth (d) below the earth’s
surface. It becomes zero at the earth’s centre. At a height above the earth’s
surface, W = GmM(R+h)2 at a depth d
below the earth’s surface, W = GmM(R−d)R3. Weight has
magnitude and direction (towards the earth’s centre). It is a vector quantity.]
Question 21.
As per the request of one of his friends from the equator, Rahul buys 100 grams
of silver at the north pole. He hands it over to his friend at the equator.
Will the friend agree with the weight of the silver bought? If not, why?
Answer:
The weight of a body is given by W = mg, where m is the mass of the body and g
is the acceleration due to gravity, g varies from place to place. The value of
g at the equator is less than that at the north pole (as well as the south
pole). Hence, the weight of the silver bought at the north pole would be less
when the silver is weighed at the equator. Therefore, Rahul’s friend will
disagree about the weight of the silver.
[Note: The mass being independent of the value of g, Rahul’s friends will agree
about the mass of the silver.]
Question 22.
What is the difference between mass and weight of an object? Will the mass and
weight of an object on the earth be the same as their values on Mars? Why?
Answer:
The mass of an object is the amount of matter present in it. It is same
everywhere in the Universe and is never zero. It is a scalar quantity and its
SI unit is kg. The weight of an object is the force with which the earth (or
any other planet/ moon/star) attracts it. It is directed towards the centre of
the earth. The weight of an object is different at different places on the earth.
It is zero at the earth’s centre. It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is
the newton (N). The magnitude of weight = mg.
The mass of an object will be the same on the earth and Mars, but the
weight will not be the same because the value of g on Mars is different from
that on the earth.
Question 23.
Explain the term free fall and state the corresponding kinematical equations of
motion in the usual notation.
Answer:
When a body falls in air, there are three forces acting on the body : (1) the
gravitational force due to the earth, acting downward (2) the force of buoyancy
(upthrust) due to air, acting upward I (3) the force due to friction with air
(called air resistance), acting upward (being always in the direction opposite
to that of the velocity of the body).
Under certain conditions, the force of buoyancy due to air and friction
with air can be ignored compared to the gravitational force of the earth. In
that case (near the earth’s surface) the body falls with almost uniform
acceleration (g). Whenever a body moves under the influence of the force of
gravity alone, it is said to be falling freely. Strictly speaking, this is true
only if the body falls in vacuum.
The kinematical equations of motion, in the usual i notation, are
v = u + gt, s = ut + 12 gt2 and v2 = u2 + 2gs.
If the initial velocity (u) of the body is zero,
v = gt, s = 12gt2 and v2 = 2 gs.
Question 24.
During a free fall, will a heavier object accelerate more than a lighter one?
Answer:
No. The two objects will have the same acceleration.
Question 25.
If you had to calculate the mass of the earth, how would you do it?
Answer:
If the acceleration due to gravity (g), the constant of gravitation (G) and the
radius of the earth (R) are known, the mass of the earth (M) can be calculated
using the formula g = GMR2
Question 26.
What is gravitational potential energy?
(OR)
Define gravitational potential energy.
Write the formula for it.
Answer:
The energy stored in a body due to the gravitational force between the body and
the earth is called the gravitational potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m = −GMmR+h, where G =
gravitational constant, M = mass of the earth, R = radius of the earth, h =
height of the body from the surface of the earth.
[Note : As the body is bound to the earth due to the earth’s
gravitational froce, the gravitational potential energy of the body is
negative. If the body is given kinetic energy equal to GMmR+h the body will
overcome the earth’s gravitational force. It will then move to infinity and
come to rest there.]
Question 27.
What is escape Velocity?
(OR)
Define escape velocity.
Answer:
When a body is thrown vertically upward from the surface of the earth, the
minimum initial velocity of the body for which the body is able to overcome the
downward pull by the earth and can escape the earth forever is called the
escape velocity.
Question 28.
Explain the term escape velocity.
(OR)
Write a short note on escape velocity.
Answer:
In general, when a body is thrown vertically upward from the earth’s surface,
its velocity goes on decreasing and after some time the body falls back to the
ground. If its initial velocity is increased, the maximum height attained by it
is more, but it does fall back to the ground. If the initial velocity is increased
continuously, for a particular initial velocity, the body can overcome the
earth’s gravitational force and move to infinity and come to rest there. This
velocity is called the escape velocity.
Question 29.
Using the law of conservation of energy, obtain the expression for the escape
velocity.
Answer:
Here, we shall not consider the effects of air. Suppose a body of mass m is
thrown vertically upward from the surface of the earth. Let the initial
velocity of the body be the escape velocity (vsec).
When the body is on the earth’s surface, its total energy Ex = kinetic
energy + potential energy = 12mv2 esc + (−GmMR) where G =
universal gravitational constant, M = mass of the earth and R = radius of the
earth.
Thus, E1 = 12mv2esc−GmMR
When the body moves to infinity and comes to rest there, its total energy,
According to the law of conservation of energy,
E1 = E2.
This is the required expression.
Question 30.
Express escape velocity in terms of g and R.
Answer:
Escape velocity, vesc = 2GMR−−−−√
Now, g = GMR2
∴ GM = gR2
Question 31.
Express escape velocity in terms of G, R and ρ (the earth’s density)
Answer:
Give
scientific reasons:
Question 1.
If a feather and a stone are released from the top of a building
simultaneously, the stone reaches the ground earlier than the feather.
Answer:
(a) The motion of a body falling in air accelerated due to the earth’s
gravitational force on the body. The force due to buoyancy of air acts on the
body in the upward direction. As the body falls, the friction with air opposes
its motion.
(b) This opposition due to air depends on the size, shape, density and
velocity of the body. It Is greater for a feather than for a stone. Hence, the
stone has greater downward acceleration than the feather. Therefore, the stone
reaches the ground earlier than the feather though ‘they are released
simultaneously from the same height.
Question 2.
The weight of a body is different on different planets.
Answer:
(1) The weight of a body of mass m on the surface of a planet of mass M and
radius R is
W = GmMR2 usual notation).
(2) For a given body, its mass is constant. G is the universal constant
of gravitation. Different planets have different masses and radii such that the
ratio (M/R2) is not the same.
Hence, the weight of a body is different on different planets.
Question 3.
With a specific initial velocity, we can jump higher on the moon than on the
earth.
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about 16 of that on
the earth. Hence, with a specific initial velocity, we can jump higher on the
moon than on the earth. This can be seen from the equation h = u2/2g.
Distinguish
between the following:
Question 1.
mass and weight (2) universal gravitational constant and gravitational
acceleration of the earth.
Answer:
(1) Mass:
·
The mass of a body is the amount of matter present in it.
·
It has magnitude, but not direction.
·
It does not change from place to place.
·
It can never be zero.
·
Its SI unit is the kilogram.
Weight:
·
The weight of a body is the force with which the earth attracts it.
·
It has both magnitude and direction.
·
It changes from place to place.
·
It is zero at the centre of the earth.
·
Its SI unit is the newton.
Question 2.
Universal gravitational constant:
·
The universal gravitational constant numerically equals the force of
attraction masses separated by a unit distance.
·
Its value remains constant throughout the universe.
·
It has magnitude but not direction.
·
Its SI unit is N.m2/kg2.
Gravitational acceleration of the earth:
·
The gravitational between two unit acceleration of the earth is the
acceleration produced in a body due to the gravitational force of the earth.
·
Its value changes from place to place.
·
It has both magnitude and direction.
·
Its SI unit is m/s2
Solve
the following examples/numerical problems:
(G 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2, g = 9.8 m/s2)
Question 1.
The time taken by the earth to complete one revolution around the Sun is 3.156
× 107 s. The
distance between the earth and the Sun is 1.5 × 1011 m. Find the speed
of revolution of the earth.
Solution:
Data : T = 3.156 × 107 s,
r = 1.5 × 1011 m, v =?
= 2.987 × 104 m/s = 29.87
km/s
This is the speed of revolution of the earth.
Question 2.
Assuming that the earth performs uniform circular motion around the Sun, flnd
the centripetal acceleration of the earth. [Speed of the earth =3 × 104 m/s, distance
between the earth and the Sun = 1.5 × 1011 m]
Solution:
Data: v = 3 × 104 m/s, r=1.5 ×
1011 m
Centripetal force = mv2r = ma
∴ Centripetal acceleration of the earth,
= 6 × 10-3 m/s2
It is directed towards the centre of the Sun.
Question 3.
What will be the gravitational force on 60 kg man on the Moon, Mars and
Jupiter? Are they the same? Why?
M (Moon) = 7.36 × 1022 kg, R (Moon)
= 1.74 × 106m,
M (Mars) = 6.4 × 1023 kg, R (Mars)
= 3.395 × 106 m,
M (Jupiter) = 1.9 × 1027 kg.
R (Jupiter) = 7.15 × 107 m,
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m/kg2
Solution:
(1) Data : m1 = 60 kg, m2 = 7.36 × 1022 kg,
R = 1.74 × 106 m, F = ?
= 97.29 N
On the moon’s surface, the gravitational force on the man due to the moon =
97.29 N.
(2) Data : m1 = 60 kg, m2 = 6.4 × 1023 kg,
R = 3.395 × 106m, F = ?
= 222.2 N
On the surface of Mars, the gravitational force on the man due to Mars = 222.2
N.
(3) Data : m1 = 60 kg, m2 = 1.9 × 1027 kg,
R = 7.15 × 107 m, F = ?
= 1487 N
On the surface of Jupiter, the gravitational force on the man due to Jupiter =
1487 N.
Thus, the forces on the man are not the same because the ratio (M/R2) is not the same
in the case of the moon, Mars, and Jupiter.
Question 4.
Mahendra and Virat are sitting at a distance of 1 meter from each other. Their
masses are 75 kg and 80 kg respectively. What is the gravitational force
between them? G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2. (Practice
Activity Sheet – 3)
Solution:
Given: r = 1 m,
m1 = 75 kg,
m2 = 80 kg
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2
= 4.002 × 10-7 N
The gravitational force between Mahendra and Virat is 4.002 × 10-7 N.
Question 5.
Spheres A and B of uniform density have masses 1 kg and 100 kg respectively.
Their centres are separated by 100 m. (i) Find the gravitational force between
them, (ii) Find the gravitational force on A due to the earth, (iii) Suppose A
and B are initially at rest and A can move freely towards B. What will be the
velocity of A one second after it starts moving towards B? How will this
velocity change with time? How much time will A take to move towards B by 1 cm?
(iv) if A begins to fall, starting from rest, due to the earth’s downward pull,
what will be its velocity after one second? How much time will it take to fall
through 1cm?
[M(earth) = 6 × 1024 kg, R(earth) = 6400 km]
Solution:Data: m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 100 kg, r =
100 m,
M =6 × 1024 kg,
R = 64o0 km = 6400 × 103 m,
t = 1 s, s = 1 cm = 1 × 10-2 m,
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg
F1 =?, F2 =?, v1 =?, t1 =?, v2 =?, t1 =?
This is far greater than F1.
(iii) Ignoring variation of acceleration with distance,
This velocity is directed from A to B. As the separation between A and B
decreases, the acceleration of A and hence the velocity of A will increase.
Ignoring variation of acceleration with distance,
Question 6.
Two spheres of uniform density have masses 10 kg and 40 kg. The distance
between the centres of the spheres is 200 m. Find the gravitational force
between them.
Solution:
Data: m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 40 kg,
r = 200 m, G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2, F = ?
The gravitational force between the two spheres = 6.67 × 10-13 N.
Question 7.
Find the gravitational force between a man of mass 50 kg and a car of mass 1500
kg separated by 10 m.
Solution: Data : m1 = 50 kg, m2 = 1500 kg,
r = 10 m, G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2, F = ?
= 5.0025 × 10-8 N
The gravitational force between the man and the car = 5.0025 × 10-8 N.
Question 8.
Find the magnitude of the gravitational force between the Sun and the earth.
(Mass of the Sun = 2 × 1024 kg, mass of the earth=6 × 1024 kg and the
thstance between the centres of the Sun and the earth 1.5 × 1011 m,
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2)
Solution:
Data: m1 = 2 × 1030 kg,
m2 = 6 × 1024 kg, r = 1.5 ×
1011 m,
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2, F =?
∴ F = 3.557 × 1022 N
The magnitude of the gravitational force between the Sun and the earth = 3.557
× 1022 N.
Question 9.
Find the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the
earth. (M= 6 × 1024 kg, R = 6400
km)
Solution:
Data: M = 6 × 1024 kg,
R = 6400km = 6.4 × 106m,
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2, g =?
g = GMR2
The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth =
9.77 m/s2.
Question 10.
The mass of an imaginary planet is 3 times the mass of the earth. Its diameter
is 25600 km arid the earth’s diameter is 12800 km. Find the acceleration due to
gravity at the surface of the planet, [g (earth) = 9.8 m/s2]
Solution:
Data: M2( planet )M1( earth ) = 3
D1 (earth) =
12800 km
g1 (earth) = 9.5
m/s2, g2 (planet) = ?
The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the planet = 7.35 m/s2.
Question 11.
If the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is 9.8 m/s2, what will be the
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet whose mass and radius
both are two times the corresponding quantities for the earth?
Solution:
Data: ge = 9.8 m/s2, Mp = 2Me,
Rp = 2Re, gp = ?
Acceleration due to gravity, g = GMR2
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the planet = 4.9 m/s2.
Question 12.
A body is released from the top of a building of height 19.6 m. Find the
velocity with which the body hits the ground.
Solution:
Data: h = 19.6 m, u = 0 m/s,
g = 9.8 m/s2, s = 19.6 m, v = ?
v2 = u2 + 2 gs .
=2 gs …..(as u = 0 m/s)
= 2 × 9.8 m/s2 × 19.6 m
= (19.6 m/s)2
∴ v = 19.6 m/s (downward velocity)
The velocity with which the body hits the i ground = 19.6 m/s (downward).
Question 13.
A stone on a bridge on a river falls into the river. If it takes 3 seconds to
reach the surface of water, find (i) the velocity of the stone at the instant
it touches the surface of water (ii) the height of the bridge from the surface
of water.
Solution:
Data: u = 0 m/s, t = 3 s,
g = 9.8 m/s2, v = ?, h = ?
(i) v = u + gt = 0 m/s + 9.8 m/s2 × 3 s
= 29.4 m/s
The velocity of the stone at the instant it touches the surface of water = 29.4
m/s
(ii) s = ut + 12gt2
= 0 m/s × 3 s + 12 (9.8 m/s2) (3 s)2
= 4.9 × 9 m = 44.1 m
∴ The height of the bridge from the surface of water = 44.1 m.
Question 14.
A stone is dropped from rest from the top of a building 44.1 m high. It takes 3
s to reach the ground. Use this information to 1 calculate g.
Solution:
Data: u = 0 m/s, h = 44.1 m
∴ s = 44.1 m, t = 3 s, g =?
It is the acceleration due to gravity.
g = 9.8 m/s2.
Question 15.
A metal ball of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 490 m. How much time will it
take to reach the ground? (g = 9.8 m/s2) (March 2019)
Solution:
Data: s = 490 m, a = g = 9.8 m/s2,
u = 0 m/s, s = ut + 12at2
∴ 490 = 0 × t + 12 × 9.8 × t2 = 4.9t2
∴ t2 = 4904.9
∴ t = 10 s This is the required time.
Question 16.
If the weight of a body on the surface of the moon is 100 N, what is its
mass? (g = 1.63 m/s2)
Solution:
Data: W= 100 N, g = 1.63 m/s2, m = ?
∴ W = mg
∴ The mass of the body = 61.35 kg.
Question 17.
A 100 kg bag of wheat is placed on a plank of wood. What is the weight of the
bag and what is the reaction force exerted by the plank?
Solution:
Data: m = 100 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2,
W = ?, reaction force = ?
Magnitude of the weight,
W = mg = 100 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 980 N
The weight of the bag = 980 N acting downward.
The reaction force exerted by the plank on the bag = 980 N acting upward.
Question 18.
Find the gravitational potential energy of a body of mass 10 kg when it is on
the earth’s surface. [M(earth) = 6 × 1024 kg, it(earth) = 6.4 × 106m, G = 6.67 × 10-11 N. m2/kg2]
Solution:
Data: m = 10 kg, M = 6 × 1024 kg,
R = 6.4 × 106 m, G = 6.67 ×
10-11 N.m2/kg2
The gravitational potential energy of the body
Question 19.
If the body in Ex. (26) performs uniform circular motion around the earth at a
height of 3600 km from the earth’s surface, what will be its gravitational
potential energy?
Solution:
Here, h = 3600 km = 3.6 × 106 m
∴ The gravitational potential energy of the body
Question 20.
A body of mass 20 kg is at rest on the earth’s surface, (i) Find its
gravitational potential energy, (ii) Find the kinetic energy to be provided to
the body to make it free from the gravitational influence of the earth. (g =
9.8 m/s2, R = 6400 km)
Solution:
Data : m = 20 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2,
R = 6400 km = 6.4 × 106 m
(i) The gravitational potential energy of the body =
= – 20 kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 6.4 × 106 m
= – 1.2544 × 109 J.
(ii) To make the body free from the gravitational influence of the
earth, it should be provided kinetic energy equal to 1.2544 × 109 J.
Question 21.
If the body in Ex. (28) is moving at 100 m/s on-the earth’s surface, what will
be its (i) kinetic energy (ii) total energy?
Solution:
Data : m = 20 kg, u = 100 m/s .
(i) The kinetic energy of the body
= 12mv2 = 12 × 20 kg ×
(100 m/s)2 = 105 J.
(ii) The total energy of the body = kinetic energy + potential energy =
105 J + (- 1.2544
× 109 J)
= (1 – 12544) × 105 J = – 12543 ×
105 J
= – 1.2543 × 109 J.
Question 22.
A satellite of mass 100 kg performs uniform circular motion around the earth at
a height of 6400 km from the earth’s surface. Find its gravitational potential
energy. [g = 9.8 m/s2, R = 6400 km]
Solution:
Data: m = 100 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2,
R = 6400 km = 6.4 × 106 m, h = 6.4 × 106 m
The gravitational potential energy of the satellite
Question 23.
Find the escape velocity of a body from the earth. [M(earth) = 6 × 1024 kg, R (earth)
= 6.4 × 106 m, G = 6.67 ×
10-11 N.m2/ kg2]
Solution:
Data: M = 6 × 1024 kg, R = 6.4 ×
106 m,
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2
The escape velocity of a body from the earth,
Question 24.
Find the escape velocity of a body from the earth. [R (earth) = 6.4 × 106 m, ρ(earth) =
5.52 × 103 kg/m3, G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2]
Solution:
Data: R = 6.4 × 106 m, ρ = 5.52 ×
103 kg/ m3, G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m2/kg2
The escape velocity of a body from the earth
Question 25.
Calculate the escape velocity of a body from the moon. [g(moon) = 1.67 m/s2, R(moon) = 1.74 ×
106 m]
Solution:
Data: g = 1.67 m/s2, R = 1.74 × 106 m
The escape velocity of a body from the moon,
Question 26.
The mass of (an imaginary) planet is four times that of the earth and its
radius is double the rathus of the earth. The escape velocity of a body from
the earth is 11.2 × 103 mn/s. Find the escape velocity
or a body from the planet.
Solution:
Data: M2 = 4M1, R2 = 2R1,
This is the escape velocity or a body from the planet.
Numerical
Problems For Practice
[G = 6.67 × 1O-11 N.m2/kg2, mass or the earth
=6 × 1024 kg, radius or
the earthe 6.4 × 106 m]
Question 1.
A satellite of mass 1000 kg revolves around the earth in a circular path. If
the distance between the satellite and the centre of the earth is 40000 km,
find the gravitational force exerted on the satellite by the earth.
Answer:
250.1 N
Question 2.
The masses of two spheres are 10 kg and 20 kg respectively. If the distance
between their centers is 100 m, find the magnitude of the gravitational force
between them.
Answer:
1.334 × 10-12 N)
Question 3.
A satellite revolves around the earth along a circular path. If the mass of the
satellite is 1000 kg and its distance from the center of the earth is 20000 km,
find the magnitude of the earth’s gravitational force acting on the satellite.
Answer:
1000.5
Question 4.
Find the acceleration due to gravity at a distance of 20000 km from the center
of the earth.
Answer:
1.0 m/s2
Question 5.
What is the weight of a body of mass 100 kg at the south pole? (g = 9.832 m/s2)
Answer:
983.2 N (downward)
Question 6.
What is the weight of a body of mass 20 kg at the equator? (g = 9.78 m/s2)
Answer:
195.6 N (downward)
Question 7.
A body is released from the top of a tower of height 50 m. Find the velocity
with which the body hits the ground, (g = 9.8 m/s2)
Answer:
31.3 m/s (downward)
Question 8.
A body is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. Calculate the
maximum height attained by the body. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
Answer:
4.9 m
Question 9.
A particle of mass 10-6 kg performs
uniform circular motion. Its period is 10 s and the radius of the circle is 2
m. Find (i) the speed of the particle (ii) the centripetal acceleration of the
particle (iii) the centripetal force on the particle.
Answer:
(i) 1.257 m/s
(ii) 0.79 m/s2
(iii) 7.9 × 10-7 N
Question 10.
Find the gravitational potential energy of a body of mass 200 kg on the earth’s
surface. [M(earth) = 6 × 1024 kg, R(earth) = 6400 km]
Answer:
-1.251 × 1010J
Question 11.
Find the gravitational potential energy of a body of mass 10 kg when it is at a
height of 6400 km from the earth’s surface. [Given: a mass of the earth
and radius of the earth. See Ex. 10 above.]
Answer:
-3.127 × 108 J
Question 12.
Find the escape velocity of a body from the moon.
[M(moon) = 7.36 × 1022 kg, R(moon) =
1.74 × 106 m]
Answer:
2.375 km/s
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